Sociality as the Human Condition
Anthropology in Economic, Philosophical and Theological Perspective
Biographical note
Rebekka A. Klein, Dr. theol. (2009) in Systematic Theology, University of Zurich, is Dilthey-Fellow at the Institute of Systematic Theology, University of Halle-Wittenberg. She has published on philosophy of economics, phenomenological anthropology, Christian ethics and political theology.
Readership
All those interested in anthropology, phenomenology, philosophy of economics, ethics, and social philosophy, as well as philosophers, theologians and social scientists.
Table of contents
INTRODUCTION
§1 AIM AND METHOD OF THIS STUDY
§2 PHENOMENOLOGICAL CRITICISM AND MULTIPERSPECTIVITY OF DESCRIPTION
§3 BEING HUMAN AND SOCIALITY – THE TOPIC OF THIS STUDY .
3.1 From Philosophical Rationale to Empirical Anthropology
3.2 A Biological Foundation of Social Order?
§4 CHALLENGING SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY: SOCIALITY AS HUMAN CONDITION?
§5 THE INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTRIBUTION OF THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
CHAPTER ONE
ANTHROPOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION AS A REPRESENTATION OF HUMANITY
§6 INTERDISCIPLINARY ANTHROPOLOGY
§7 ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIALITY IN THE INDIVIDUAL DISCIPLINES
7.1 Theological Thought Figures of Nature and Human Beings
7.2 Basic Anthropological Paradigms of Experimental Economics
7.3 Philosophical Points of Entry in Anthropology
§8 ANTHROPOLOGICAL KEY DIFFERENCES: HUMAN, NONHUMAN AND INHUMAN
8.1 Heidegger: Humanity as the Truth of Being
8.2 Agamben: The Dissolution of the Animal Construct
8.3 Adorno: Dehumanization by Society
8.4 Conclusion
§9 THE HUMAN CONDITION AS A CONCRETE CONDITION OF EXISTENCE FOR HUMAN BEINGS
9.1 Barthes: the Human Condition as Myth
9.2 Arendt: Loss of the Social ‘Human Condition’?
§10 HUMANITY AS LIVING EXISTENCE: THE REHABILITATION OF HUMAN BODILY EXISTENCE
IN THE EARLY BIO-PHILOSOPHY OF HELMUTH PLESSNER
10.1 The Broken Relation to the World
10.2 Interpersonal Relationships and the Shared World (‘Mitwelt’)
10.3 Conclusion
§11 METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS: CONCRETENESS, OBJECTIVITY AND PHENOMENAL
EXCESS
CHAPTER TWO
THE SOCIAL CONFLICT BETWEEN EGOISM AND ALTRUISM IN HUMAN
INTERACTION (EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS AND NEUROECONOMICS)
§12 POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS OF AN EMPIRICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
§13 THE ECONOMIC MODELING OF HUMAN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
13.1 The Methodical Paradigm Shifts of Experimental Economics
13.2 Skepticism about the Homo Oeconomicus
§14 THE METHODOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EXPLANATORY APPROACH OF
EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS AND NEUROECONOMICS
14.1 Translatability of Laboratory and Experiential World
14.2 Construction Principles of Economic Laboratory Experiments
§15 THE MODELING OF SOCIAL PREFERENCES .
15.1 What are Preferences?
15.2 The Ultimatum Game and the Inequity Aversion of Social Agents
§16 NORMS FOR COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR
16.1 Sanctions in Public Goods
16.2 Social Norms as a Second-Order Public Good
§17 FROM ‘HOMO RECIPROCANS’ TO ‘HOMO ALTRUISTICUS’: THE EXAMINATION OF HUMAN
SOCIAL NATURE ALONG THE LINES OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELINGS
17.1 Negative Reciprocity: Ultimatum Game
17.2 Positive Reciprocity: Trust
17.3 Pure Altruism: Dictator Game
17.4 Strong Reciprocity: Altruistic Punishment and Rewarding
§18 THE UTILITY EXPECTATION OF ALTRUISTIC AGENTS
18.1 The Economic Understanding of Altruism in Relation to Psychological, Biological
and Moral Altruism
18.2 Personal Satisfaction in Altruistic Punishment: ‘Schadenfreude’ or Retribution for a
Norm Violation?
§19 AFFECTIVE EMPATHY: THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERACTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ON
SOCIAL EMOTIONS
§20 THE PHENOMENAL EXCESS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION: THE INTENTIONS OF SOCIAL
AGENTS
§21 CONCLUSION: A PHENOMENOLOGICALLY CORRECTED EMPIRICISM OF THE SOCIAL
21.1 Critical Analysis of the (Neuro-)Economic Modeling of Human Sociality
21.2 Theses on the Exploration of Human Social Behavior in an Empirical Perspective
21.3 On the Sense and Nonsense of Talking about Altruism
CHAPTER THREE
INTERPERSONAL DIFFERENCE AS ANTAGONISM, RECOGNITION AND
ALTERITY (SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS)
§22 THREE CONSTELLATIONS OF THE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP AS A RELATIONSHIP OF
DIFFERENCE
§23 HUMAN NATURE AND ITS FUNCTION FOR THE LEGITIMATION OF POLITICAL ORDER
23.1 The Anti-Aristotelian Anthropology of the Hobbesian Doctrine of the Natural State:
Separation of Politics and Nature in the Order Model of Society
23.2 The Genesis of Order from Contingence: A Hegemonial Interpretation of the Natural State Theory
§24 ANTAGONISM: THE IRREDUCIBILITY OF CONFLICT IN HUMAN SOCIETY
24.1 The Significance of Conflict, Agonism and Exclusion for the Formation of Political
Identities
24.2 Critical Assessment of the Liberal, Deliberative Model of
§25 RECOGNITION: THE PACIFICATION OF CONFLICT THROUGH RECIPROCITY AND
MUTUALITY
25.1 Recognition: Normative Demand or Real-Life Practice
25.2 Post-Hegelian Perspectives of Recognition and their Limits
§26 ALTERITY: INTERPERSONAL DIFFERENCE AS THE SITE OF RESPONSIBILITY BEYOND
ANTAGONISTIC CONFRONTATION
26.1 Levinas’s Ethical Reconception of Humanity as the Responsibility of One for the
Other
26.2 The Impossibility of Social Inhumanity: ‘You will not Kill’
26.3 The Relationship to the Other as the Third and the Standards of Justice ............... 231
26.4 The Interpersonal Encounter beyond the Symmetry of Egalitarian Relationships
26.5 God’s Invisibility as a Condition of Interpersonal Humanity
§27 CONCLUSION: THE INTERPERSONAL DIFFERENCE AND ITS SOCIAL AMBIGUITY
CHAPTER FOUR
THE TENSION BETWEEN OLD AND NEW EXISTENCE IN CHRISTIAN LOVE OF
THE NEIGHBOR (THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY)
§28 THEOLOGICAL RESERVATIONS AGAINST AN IMMANENCE OF THE SOCIAL
§29 THE TALK OF THE ‘NEIGHBOR’ – BIBLICAL USAGE AND HERMENEUTICAL FUNCTION
29.1 The Biblical Contexts of Caring for the Other Human Being
29.2 Who is my Neighbor – the Wrong Question?
29.3 Terminological Delineations
29.4 Hermeneutical Analysis of the Word ‘Neighbor’
29.5 Revealing the Social Conflict: Love of the Neighbor as Care for the Social Outcast
§30 SOCIAL CRITICISM INSTEAD OF ETHICS: THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND ITS
APPROACH TO THE AMBIGUITY OF INTERPERSONAL LIFE
§31 MEISINGER: ANTHROPOLOGICAL AWARENESS OF DIFFERENCE
§32 KIERKEGAARD: HUMANITY AS THE PHENOMENAL EXCESS OF LOVING GOD IN
INTERPERSONAL LOVE
32.1 Kierkegaard’s Method of Analysis
32.2 The Negative Definition of the Neighbor
32.3 Self-Love and the Deficiencies of Interpersonal Love
§33 BEYOND KIERKEGAARD: INHUMANITY AS THE SOCIAL ABSENCE OF THE NEIGHBOR
WITHIN THE HUMAN COMMUNITY
33.1 Adorno: The Dead Neighbor
33.2 Žižek, Santner, Reinhard: The Neighbor as a Figure of Inhumanity
§34 THE HUMANITY AND INHUMANITY OF INTERPERSONAL SOCIALITY: ON THE IMPOSSIBLE
POSSIBILITY OF PRACTICING MERCIFULNESS
34.1 Lack of Consequences and Resources
34.2 Inhuman Mercilessness
34.3 Lack of Expectations
34.4 Unpredictability: The Phenomenal Abundance of Practicing Mercifulness
§35 CONCLUSION: THE SOCIALLY CRITICAL AND INTEGRATIVE POTENTIAL OF CHRISTIAN
LOVE OF THE NEIGHBOR
FINAL THOUGHTS
§36 MULTIPERSPECTIVITY INSTEAD OF TRANSDISCIPLINARITY
§37 RESULT OF THIS STUDY
REFERENCES
§1 AIM AND METHOD OF THIS STUDY
§2 PHENOMENOLOGICAL CRITICISM AND MULTIPERSPECTIVITY OF DESCRIPTION
§3 BEING HUMAN AND SOCIALITY – THE TOPIC OF THIS STUDY .
3.1 From Philosophical Rationale to Empirical Anthropology
3.2 A Biological Foundation of Social Order?
§4 CHALLENGING SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY: SOCIALITY AS HUMAN CONDITION?
§5 THE INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTRIBUTION OF THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
CHAPTER ONE
ANTHROPOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION AS A REPRESENTATION OF HUMANITY
§6 INTERDISCIPLINARY ANTHROPOLOGY
§7 ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIALITY IN THE INDIVIDUAL DISCIPLINES
7.1 Theological Thought Figures of Nature and Human Beings
7.2 Basic Anthropological Paradigms of Experimental Economics
7.3 Philosophical Points of Entry in Anthropology
§8 ANTHROPOLOGICAL KEY DIFFERENCES: HUMAN, NONHUMAN AND INHUMAN
8.1 Heidegger: Humanity as the Truth of Being
8.2 Agamben: The Dissolution of the Animal Construct
8.3 Adorno: Dehumanization by Society
8.4 Conclusion
§9 THE HUMAN CONDITION AS A CONCRETE CONDITION OF EXISTENCE FOR HUMAN BEINGS
9.1 Barthes: the Human Condition as Myth
9.2 Arendt: Loss of the Social ‘Human Condition’?
§10 HUMANITY AS LIVING EXISTENCE: THE REHABILITATION OF HUMAN BODILY EXISTENCE
IN THE EARLY BIO-PHILOSOPHY OF HELMUTH PLESSNER
10.1 The Broken Relation to the World
10.2 Interpersonal Relationships and the Shared World (‘Mitwelt’)
10.3 Conclusion
§11 METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS: CONCRETENESS, OBJECTIVITY AND PHENOMENAL
EXCESS
CHAPTER TWO
THE SOCIAL CONFLICT BETWEEN EGOISM AND ALTRUISM IN HUMAN
INTERACTION (EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS AND NEUROECONOMICS)
§12 POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS OF AN EMPIRICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
§13 THE ECONOMIC MODELING OF HUMAN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
13.1 The Methodical Paradigm Shifts of Experimental Economics
13.2 Skepticism about the Homo Oeconomicus
§14 THE METHODOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EXPLANATORY APPROACH OF
EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS AND NEUROECONOMICS
14.1 Translatability of Laboratory and Experiential World
14.2 Construction Principles of Economic Laboratory Experiments
§15 THE MODELING OF SOCIAL PREFERENCES .
15.1 What are Preferences?
15.2 The Ultimatum Game and the Inequity Aversion of Social Agents
§16 NORMS FOR COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR
16.1 Sanctions in Public Goods
16.2 Social Norms as a Second-Order Public Good
§17 FROM ‘HOMO RECIPROCANS’ TO ‘HOMO ALTRUISTICUS’: THE EXAMINATION OF HUMAN
SOCIAL NATURE ALONG THE LINES OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELINGS
17.1 Negative Reciprocity: Ultimatum Game
17.2 Positive Reciprocity: Trust
17.3 Pure Altruism: Dictator Game
17.4 Strong Reciprocity: Altruistic Punishment and Rewarding
§18 THE UTILITY EXPECTATION OF ALTRUISTIC AGENTS
18.1 The Economic Understanding of Altruism in Relation to Psychological, Biological
and Moral Altruism
18.2 Personal Satisfaction in Altruistic Punishment: ‘Schadenfreude’ or Retribution for a
Norm Violation?
§19 AFFECTIVE EMPATHY: THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERACTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ON
SOCIAL EMOTIONS
§20 THE PHENOMENAL EXCESS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION: THE INTENTIONS OF SOCIAL
AGENTS
§21 CONCLUSION: A PHENOMENOLOGICALLY CORRECTED EMPIRICISM OF THE SOCIAL
21.1 Critical Analysis of the (Neuro-)Economic Modeling of Human Sociality
21.2 Theses on the Exploration of Human Social Behavior in an Empirical Perspective
21.3 On the Sense and Nonsense of Talking about Altruism
CHAPTER THREE
INTERPERSONAL DIFFERENCE AS ANTAGONISM, RECOGNITION AND
ALTERITY (SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS)
§22 THREE CONSTELLATIONS OF THE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP AS A RELATIONSHIP OF
DIFFERENCE
§23 HUMAN NATURE AND ITS FUNCTION FOR THE LEGITIMATION OF POLITICAL ORDER
23.1 The Anti-Aristotelian Anthropology of the Hobbesian Doctrine of the Natural State:
Separation of Politics and Nature in the Order Model of Society
23.2 The Genesis of Order from Contingence: A Hegemonial Interpretation of the Natural State Theory
§24 ANTAGONISM: THE IRREDUCIBILITY OF CONFLICT IN HUMAN SOCIETY
24.1 The Significance of Conflict, Agonism and Exclusion for the Formation of Political
Identities
24.2 Critical Assessment of the Liberal, Deliberative Model of
§25 RECOGNITION: THE PACIFICATION OF CONFLICT THROUGH RECIPROCITY AND
MUTUALITY
25.1 Recognition: Normative Demand or Real-Life Practice
25.2 Post-Hegelian Perspectives of Recognition and their Limits
§26 ALTERITY: INTERPERSONAL DIFFERENCE AS THE SITE OF RESPONSIBILITY BEYOND
ANTAGONISTIC CONFRONTATION
26.1 Levinas’s Ethical Reconception of Humanity as the Responsibility of One for the
Other
26.2 The Impossibility of Social Inhumanity: ‘You will not Kill’
26.3 The Relationship to the Other as the Third and the Standards of Justice ............... 231
26.4 The Interpersonal Encounter beyond the Symmetry of Egalitarian Relationships
26.5 God’s Invisibility as a Condition of Interpersonal Humanity
§27 CONCLUSION: THE INTERPERSONAL DIFFERENCE AND ITS SOCIAL AMBIGUITY
CHAPTER FOUR
THE TENSION BETWEEN OLD AND NEW EXISTENCE IN CHRISTIAN LOVE OF
THE NEIGHBOR (THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY)
§28 THEOLOGICAL RESERVATIONS AGAINST AN IMMANENCE OF THE SOCIAL
§29 THE TALK OF THE ‘NEIGHBOR’ – BIBLICAL USAGE AND HERMENEUTICAL FUNCTION
29.1 The Biblical Contexts of Caring for the Other Human Being
29.2 Who is my Neighbor – the Wrong Question?
29.3 Terminological Delineations
29.4 Hermeneutical Analysis of the Word ‘Neighbor’
29.5 Revealing the Social Conflict: Love of the Neighbor as Care for the Social Outcast
§30 SOCIAL CRITICISM INSTEAD OF ETHICS: THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND ITS
APPROACH TO THE AMBIGUITY OF INTERPERSONAL LIFE
§31 MEISINGER: ANTHROPOLOGICAL AWARENESS OF DIFFERENCE
§32 KIERKEGAARD: HUMANITY AS THE PHENOMENAL EXCESS OF LOVING GOD IN
INTERPERSONAL LOVE
32.1 Kierkegaard’s Method of Analysis
32.2 The Negative Definition of the Neighbor
32.3 Self-Love and the Deficiencies of Interpersonal Love
§33 BEYOND KIERKEGAARD: INHUMANITY AS THE SOCIAL ABSENCE OF THE NEIGHBOR
WITHIN THE HUMAN COMMUNITY
33.1 Adorno: The Dead Neighbor
33.2 Žižek, Santner, Reinhard: The Neighbor as a Figure of Inhumanity
§34 THE HUMANITY AND INHUMANITY OF INTERPERSONAL SOCIALITY: ON THE IMPOSSIBLE
POSSIBILITY OF PRACTICING MERCIFULNESS
34.1 Lack of Consequences and Resources
34.2 Inhuman Mercilessness
34.3 Lack of Expectations
34.4 Unpredictability: The Phenomenal Abundance of Practicing Mercifulness
§35 CONCLUSION: THE SOCIALLY CRITICAL AND INTEGRATIVE POTENTIAL OF CHRISTIAN
LOVE OF THE NEIGHBOR
FINAL THOUGHTS
§36 MULTIPERSPECTIVITY INSTEAD OF TRANSDISCIPLINARITY
§37 RESULT OF THIS STUDY
REFERENCES
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