Battle of the Gods: The God of Israel Versus Marduk of Babylon
A Literary / Theological Interpretation of Jeremiah 50-51
Biographical note
Martin Kessler (1927) holds a Ph.D. in Old Testament Studies from Brandeis University, and a M.Sc. from Lutheran Theological Seminary, Gettysburg. His publications include Kornelis Miskotte. A Biblical Theology (1997) and, together with K.A. Deurloo, Book of Beginnings.
A Commentary on Genesis (2003).
A Commentary on Genesis (2003).
Table of contents
From the Contents
Chapter One: History of Scholarship
A Introduction
1. The Early Critical Period
2. The Later Critical Period
3. Bernhard Duhm and the Modern Era
4. Recent Scholarship on Jeremiah
5. Dissertations on Jeremiah 50-51
B Unresolved Issues
1. Historical Questions
2. Literary Questions
3. Diachronics/Synchronics
Chapter Two: From Genres to Motifs
1. Judgment Oracles
2. Oracles of Promise
3. Calls to Flee
4. Calls to Battle
5. Declarations of Defeat
6. Others
7. Narrative
8. Conclusion
Chapter Three: Literary Commentary – Introduction
A The Difficulty of Biblical Interpretation
B The Interpretative Agenda
C The Challenge of Segmenting the Text
D A Proposal for Segmenting
1. General Comparison with other Jeremian OAN
2. The “Great Reversal” Theme
3. The Recurrent Patterns: “War” and “Return to Zion”
4. The Spirit of the anti-Babylon Oracles
E Significant Verbal Markers
Chapter Four: Literary Commentary on Jeremiah 50
Verse by verse commentary
1. 50:1-3 Introduction and Focus
2. 50:4-10 A Triptych
3. 50:11-16 Flee Babylon, the Doomed City!
4. 50:17-20 Israel Hunted, Avenged, Restored, Forgiven
5. 50:21-28 YHWH at War against Babylon
6. 50:29-30 Turning of the Tide
7. 50:31-32 The Fall of Babylon’s Pride
8. 50:33-46 Israel Redeemed
Chapter Five: Literary Commentary on Jeremiah 51
Verse by verse commentary
9. 51:1-6 Babylon Indicted
10. 51:7-10 The Butler who got Sick
11. 51:11-14 YHWH swears to Execute his Plans
12. 51:15-19 Doxology: YHWH and Israel
13. 51:20-24 Flashback on Babylon
14. 41:25-26 A Magnificent City Reduced to Rubbish
15. 51:27-33 The Battlefield a Threshing Floor
16. 51:34-40 Israel Redeemed
17. 51:41-46 Lament Babylon and Leave her Behind!
18. 51:47-53 Punishment on Babylon and her Gods
19. 51:54-57 Babylon Collapsed
20. 51:58 Echoes of Babylon: Utter Futility
21. 51:59-64 Weighty Postscript
Chapter Six: Literary Summary
A Rhetorical Inventory
B Structure
1. General Overview
2. Conclusion
C Keyword Structure
1. Verbal Roots
2. Concluding Comments
D Diachronic Postscript
Chapter Seven: The Jeremiah Oracles against Babylon in Context
A Context in the Jeremian Oracles
1. The Sequence of the List of Nations
2. Comparative Inventory of Motifs
3. Overview of the Jeremian OAN
4. The Oracles against Moab
5. The Oracles against Edom
6. The Oracles against Babylon
B Context within the Canonical Book of Jeremiah
1. The Rise and Fall of Babylon: The Great Reversal
C In the Context of the Isaian OAN
1. Isaiah 13
2. Isaiah 14
3. Isaiah 21:1-10
4. Conclusion on the Isaian Oracles
5. Isaiah 47
D Summary
Chapter Eight: Jeremiah 50-51 against the Background of Babylonian History
1. The Question of Historicity
2. Geographical Aspects
3. The growing Influence of Babylon
4. Nebuchadnezzar
5. Babylon’s Decline after Nebuchadnezzar
6. The Capture of Babylon
7. Biblical and extra-biblical History
Chapter Nine: Summarizing Conclusion
A Jeremiah the Prophet
B Authorship and the “Historical Jeremiah”
C The Fate of the Exiles
D The “Exodus” Motif
E The Dating of the Oracles
F The City of Babylon
1. Biblical Aspects
2. The Tower of Babel
3. Characterization of Babylon
4. Sin and Guilt
5. Babylon versus Judah
6. Feminine and Masculine Imagery
7. Babylon in the New Testament
G Marduk H YHWH, Covenant Partner with Israel
Chapter One: History of Scholarship
A Introduction
1. The Early Critical Period
2. The Later Critical Period
3. Bernhard Duhm and the Modern Era
4. Recent Scholarship on Jeremiah
5. Dissertations on Jeremiah 50-51
B Unresolved Issues
1. Historical Questions
2. Literary Questions
3. Diachronics/Synchronics
Chapter Two: From Genres to Motifs
1. Judgment Oracles
2. Oracles of Promise
3. Calls to Flee
4. Calls to Battle
5. Declarations of Defeat
6. Others
7. Narrative
8. Conclusion
Chapter Three: Literary Commentary – Introduction
A The Difficulty of Biblical Interpretation
B The Interpretative Agenda
C The Challenge of Segmenting the Text
D A Proposal for Segmenting
1. General Comparison with other Jeremian OAN
2. The “Great Reversal” Theme
3. The Recurrent Patterns: “War” and “Return to Zion”
4. The Spirit of the anti-Babylon Oracles
E Significant Verbal Markers
Chapter Four: Literary Commentary on Jeremiah 50
Verse by verse commentary
1. 50:1-3 Introduction and Focus
2. 50:4-10 A Triptych
3. 50:11-16 Flee Babylon, the Doomed City!
4. 50:17-20 Israel Hunted, Avenged, Restored, Forgiven
5. 50:21-28 YHWH at War against Babylon
6. 50:29-30 Turning of the Tide
7. 50:31-32 The Fall of Babylon’s Pride
8. 50:33-46 Israel Redeemed
Chapter Five: Literary Commentary on Jeremiah 51
Verse by verse commentary
9. 51:1-6 Babylon Indicted
10. 51:7-10 The Butler who got Sick
11. 51:11-14 YHWH swears to Execute his Plans
12. 51:15-19 Doxology: YHWH and Israel
13. 51:20-24 Flashback on Babylon
14. 41:25-26 A Magnificent City Reduced to Rubbish
15. 51:27-33 The Battlefield a Threshing Floor
16. 51:34-40 Israel Redeemed
17. 51:41-46 Lament Babylon and Leave her Behind!
18. 51:47-53 Punishment on Babylon and her Gods
19. 51:54-57 Babylon Collapsed
20. 51:58 Echoes of Babylon: Utter Futility
21. 51:59-64 Weighty Postscript
Chapter Six: Literary Summary
A Rhetorical Inventory
B Structure
1. General Overview
2. Conclusion
C Keyword Structure
1. Verbal Roots
2. Concluding Comments
D Diachronic Postscript
Chapter Seven: The Jeremiah Oracles against Babylon in Context
A Context in the Jeremian Oracles
1. The Sequence of the List of Nations
2. Comparative Inventory of Motifs
3. Overview of the Jeremian OAN
4. The Oracles against Moab
5. The Oracles against Edom
6. The Oracles against Babylon
B Context within the Canonical Book of Jeremiah
1. The Rise and Fall of Babylon: The Great Reversal
C In the Context of the Isaian OAN
1. Isaiah 13
2. Isaiah 14
3. Isaiah 21:1-10
4. Conclusion on the Isaian Oracles
5. Isaiah 47
D Summary
Chapter Eight: Jeremiah 50-51 against the Background of Babylonian History
1. The Question of Historicity
2. Geographical Aspects
3. The growing Influence of Babylon
4. Nebuchadnezzar
5. Babylon’s Decline after Nebuchadnezzar
6. The Capture of Babylon
7. Biblical and extra-biblical History
Chapter Nine: Summarizing Conclusion
A Jeremiah the Prophet
B Authorship and the “Historical Jeremiah”
C The Fate of the Exiles
D The “Exodus” Motif
E The Dating of the Oracles
F The City of Babylon
1. Biblical Aspects
2. The Tower of Babel
3. Characterization of Babylon
4. Sin and Guilt
5. Babylon versus Judah
6. Feminine and Masculine Imagery
7. Babylon in the New Testament
G Marduk H YHWH, Covenant Partner with Israel
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